Payroll and Tax Deductions
http://www.coolinfographics.com/blog/2012/2/28/payroll-and-tax-deductions.html
(Sent from Flipboard)
The week in tech: 5 must know things
Titanoboa once slithered the planet
'Avengers' characters get the LEGO treatment
I think this will be of interest to you:
What Makes an Exceptional Leader?
http://feeds.lifehack.org/~r/LifeHack/~3/FqPSXOgjeNU/what-makes-an-exceptional-leader.html
I think this will be of interest to you:
Why You Need to Make a Life Plan
http://feeds.lifehack.org/~r/LifeHack/~3/4NIzc2kbYRc/why-you-need-to-make-a-life-plan.html
http://feeds.gawker.com/~r/lifehacker/full/~3/5LbzeI8B668/top-10-mostly-harmless-geek-pranks
Sent from Lifehacker® on the iPhone
http://radeeccles.com/Lifehacker.html
Neanderthals Were Dying Out Before Humans Arrived |
Jennifer Viegas)
Neanderthals in Western Europe started disappearing long before Homo sapiens showed up, suggesting that cold weather, and not cold-hearted humans, might have been responsible for the species' ultimate demise.
The findings, published in the journal Molecular Biology and Evolution, suggest that at least one population of Neanderthals was vulnerable to climate change.
Love Dalén, lead author of the paper, told Discovery News that "even if the Neanderthals were capable of surviving periods of extreme cold, the game species they relied on likely could not, so their resource base would have been severely depleted."
Neanderthals appear to have favored hunting wooly mammoths and other big game. Neanderthals were also big-brained, with the ability to make stone tools, construct garments, control fire and find shelter.
For the study, Dalén of the Swedish Museum of Natural History and his colleagues analyzed mitochondrial DNA sequences from 13 Neanderthal individuals, including a new sequence from the site of Valdegoba cave in northern Spain.
The researchers found that Neanderthals from Western Europe, Asia and the Middle East that were older than 50,000 years showed a high degree of genetic variation, on par with what might be expected from a species that had been abundant in those areas for a long period of time.
But Neanderthals from Western Europe younger than 50,000 years ago showed an extremely reduced amount of genetic variation. The scientists believe this means the earlier population of Neanderthals there was dwindling.
"We argue that Neanderthals disappeared in Western Europe for a period of time," co-author Rolf Quam, a Binghamton University anthropologist, told Discovery News.
"Subsequently, the region was re-occupied by individuals from a surrounding region," Quam added. "It is not possible, based on the current genetic data, to determine the geographic region of this new source population."
The scientists suspect that climatic conditions were not as extreme in the surrounding areas at the time, so that Neanderthals were able to move back into Western Europe. At present, there is no clear evidence of Homo sapiens being in Europe earlier than about 35,000 to 40,000 years ago, according to Quam -- so it seems humans did not play a role in the early Neanderthal population's demise.
The latest findings may shed light on what ultimately happened to Neanderthals.
"The fate of the Neanderthals is one of the greatest mysteries in paleoanthropology," co-author Anders Götherström said. "Two main hypotheses center on climatic factors and competition with modern humans. The results of our study suggest Neanderthals were susceptible to harsh climatic conditions, independently of whether modern humans were present or not."
The last Ice Age could therefore have wiped Neanderthals out.
Still, others believe Neanderthals were simply absorbed into the modern human populations due to the two groups mating.
Julien Riel-Salvatore of the University of Colorado Denver worked on another recent Neanderthal study. He shared that "sequencing of ancient Neanderthal DNA indicates that Neanderthal genes make up from 1 to 4 percent of the genome of modern populations -- especially those of European descent. While they disappeared as a distinctive form of humanity, they live on in our genes."
Martial Arts Celeb Recruited for Ancient Roman Army |
Millennia before modern-day military recruiters talked up potential soldiers in shopping malls or put up posters, one Roman city took a rather different approach to recruiting soldiers for the emperor's army.
A newly translated inscription, dating back about 1,800 years, reveals that Oinoanda, a Roman city in southwest Turkey, turned to a mixed martial art champion to recruit for the Roman army and bring the new soldiers to a city named Hierapolis, located hundreds of miles to the east, in Syria.
NEWS: Gladiator Stabbed, Tossed as Trash?
His name was Lucius Septimius Flavianus Flavillianus and he was a champion at wrestling and pankration, the latter a bloody, and at times lethal, mixed martial art where contestants would try to pound each other unconscious or into submission.
Flavillianus proved to be so successful as a military recruiter that it was decreed that he be made a "cult figure in the band of heroes" after he died, with each tribe of the city erecting statues in his honor. The inscription, written in Greek, was engraved on the base of a statue found in Oinoanda's agora (a central public space) and would have been erected by the people of the city. Discovered by a team in 2002, it wasn't until now that researchers translated and published it.
"This is a very unusual piece of evidence that has come to light," said Nicholas Milner, a researcher with the British Institute at Ankara, who published the translation in the most recent edition of the journal Anatolian Studies. [Photos of Inscription & Roman Combat Sports]
Milner explained that in the Roman Empire, this sort of "heroisation" is very rare.
Champion athlete
The inscription hails Flavillianus as being a "champion athlete," and, from other inscriptions found at Oinoanda, researchers know that the two sports he won championships in were wrestling and pankration.
Pankration was such a bloody sport that it had only two known rules: no eye-gouging and no biting. Aside from these restrictions, anything was fair game. Philostratos, an ancient writer who lived around the same time as Flavillianus, wrote that pankration competitors are skillful in different types of strangulation. "They bend ankles and twist arms and throw punches and jump on their opponents," (Translation from the book "Arete: Greek sports from ancient sources," Stephen Gaylord Miller, 2004). [Roman Gladiator's Tombstone Reveals Fatal Foul]
By the time he took up duties recruiting soldiers Flavillianus would have been a mature man who had fought and prevailed in many of these contests. His father even boasted about his son's success in an inscription on his own mausoleum writing that Flavillianus, "who having trained at pankration won crowns for victories in sacred games."
This experience as a champion fighter, and the fame that came with it, would have helped Flavillianus in his task. "He would have been able to judge suitable recruits, and he probably knew lots of suitable recruits," said Milner. Also "being a top athlete was a kind of celebrity status in Roman times," he said. "A celebrity would have a greater ability to drum up support and large numbers of volunteers than somebody who was not a celebrity." It is possible, however, that some of the soldiers Flavillianus recruited were conscripted against their will.
Man of mystery
Flavillianus would have personally escorted his recruits to Hierapolis, but beyond that, Milner said, scholars don't know if the champion joined the Roman army himself.
NEWS: Michelangelo's David As It Was Meant to be Seen
Milner isn't sure why Flavillianus became an army recruiter, though he suggests he was likely motivated by honor. If he hadn't done the job it would have fallen to the community at large (especially those who were wealthy) to drum up recruits.
"This was a society that was driven by the competition for honor, particularly at the top of the city," Milner explained. "They were competing to outshine one another in the eyes of their local community and hopefully also in the eyes of the Roman authorities."
Modern-day parallels
Ironically, many of the issues mentioned in the inscription are those that confront us today. Over the last decade, mixed martial arts has become a popular sport in western culture, albeit with many more rules. Military recruitment methods are also a hot topic today. Even the enemy the ancient Roman recruits would potentially have been fighting, the Persians, based in modern-day Iran, are today seen by some as a potential adversary for the United States and other nations.
These parallels between the ancient world and modern times are not lost on Milner. He explained that Roman civilization, with the external threats they faced, tended to be fairly militarized. The idea of using a celebrity athlete as a "rallying point" for recruitment is an idea that could well be used today.
"If we were faced with a similar situation we might well find ourselves responding in rather similar ways," Milner said. "In some ways, the people of the ancient world were not so different from us and we can see ourselves in them."
Fight, Fight, Fight: The History of Human Aggression
In Photos: A Journey Through Early Christian Rome
Medieval Torture's 10 Biggest Myths
Copyright 2012 LiveScience, a TechMediaNetwork company. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
I thought you might be interested in reading this:
We tend to romanticize the age of exploration, like it was all grand exotic frontiers and tiny people tying sailors down with ropes. What we don't hear about so often is the scurvy and the starvation ...
Sent from The Cracked Reader
I thought you might be interested in reading this:
Really, really bad acid....
Sent from The Cracked Reader
Sent from Lifehacker® on the iPhone
http://radeeccles.com/Lifehacker.html
Sent from Lifehacker® on the iPhone
http://radeeccles.com/Lifehacker.html
Sent from Lifehacker® on the iPhone
http://radeeccles.com/Lifehacker.html
Sent from Lifehacker® on the iPhone
http://radeeccles.com/Lifehacker.html
I thought you might be interested in reading this:
No slapstick movie is complete without at least one scene where the buffoonish main character encounters a priceless work of art and then accidentally destroys it in some hilarious way (preferably wit...
Sent from The Cracked Reader
I thought you might be interested in reading this:
Some of you will be lucky enough to get actual grown-up careers right out of college. Others, like me, will merely have "jobs", punching timeclocks and wearing mandatory work hats for a couple of deca...
Sent from The Cracked Reader
I thought you might be interested in reading this:
As we have mentioned previously, Hollywood just doesn't seem to have a very firm grasp on how technology works. So when it comes to depicting computer hacking onscreen, it's no surprise that the impla...
Sent from The Cracked Reader
I thought you might be interested in reading this:
If you're lucky, the closest you get to a courtroom is old Night Court episodes and the occasional traffic ticket dispute. But, who knows, some day you might wind up in front of a judge due to a hilar...
Sent from The Cracked Reader
I thought you might be interested in reading this:
Maybe this is where the 99% came from....
Sent from The Cracked Reader
I thought you might be interested in reading this:
This weekend The Hunger Games came out, the first in probably about seven films based on the popular trilogy of books. It can't be understated how popular these books and moves are; the movie's openin...
Sent from The Cracked Reader
I thought you might be interested in reading this:
Chaz Blazer, elite Hollywood agent and avid Sharking enthusiast, coasted his lime green ElliptiGO into the office of high-powered studio executive Geoff Chaser. Or at least he would have, if that had ...
Sent from The Cracked Reader
I thought you might be interested in reading this:
For a while now, comic book companies have been desperately trying to shock readers into spending more money by turning every classic character into a gritty, foul-mouthed, murderous bastard, which is...
Sent from The Cracked Reader
Understanding Compassion
By
Dr. Lorraine Cassista
Have you ever suffered pain, physical, psychological or emotional? Of course you have! We all experience pain at one time or another. We presently have a nation suffering like never before. How do you experience pain and suffering? Do you allow yourself to feel what you are feeling or do you rush to alleviate the agony? It is not easy to be in your pain, to allow yourself to feel all that you feel, nor is it easy to be with another's pain. How often have you had a child, relative, or friend grieve and rush to ease their struggles? Believing we are being compassionate, we often try to distract or take away their pain instead of being with them in their pain. We do this to ourselves, as well, by eating or drinking too much, seeking revenge and/or harboring ill feelings toward ones who hurt us to keep the more painful feelings at bay. This is not true compassion. This is acting out of our own needs to alleviate our own feelings of discomfort, suffering and pain.
Compassion is based on the ability to have a reaffirming, loving and understanding relationship with ourselves, because only when we have a loving and understanding relationship with ourselves can we have one with others. You must first love yourself before you can give and accept love from others. If you are to love yourself, you need to address and face head-on the past hurts, pains and fears that have kept you bound in the prison of your own emotions. If you have a tendency to internalize your emotions, that is not healthy. We must be compassionate with ourselves before we can truly be compassionate with others.
What is true compassion, then? Compassion is defined as pity, a deep sympathy and sorrow for the suffering of others accompanied by a strong desire to help and alleviate the suffering. True compassion, then, is the ability to be one with others, to stand with them in their pain and help them to alleviate their own suffering without losing oneself in the process. It means allowing them to experience their pain, sorrow, grief, and etc. without trying to fix it. The expression of true compassion allows one to move from the role of victim to one of power. It is listening, truly listening to others without judgment, without providing advice or making decisions for them so they can sort through their feelings and make decisions for themselves. It doesn't mean saving them. It means empowering them to save themselves. We all have the ability to solve our own problems, sometimes we just need to have someone listen to us, understand us, be there for us, and empower us to figure out what it is we need. When you are compassionate toward others, you are, in effect, being compassionate toward yourself as well.
Being nice is not the same as being compassionate. Some of us have the need to be nice because it fulfills our need to be accepted, wanted or needed. When you bend over backwards to be a nice person, constantly seek the approval of others, strive to make them happy and try to live up to the expectations you think they have of you, it becomes a tiresome job that you drains you and leaves you feeling empty and used. You need to fill yourself up by learning how not to give yourself away in the process. Being too nice can leave you feeling drained, feeling taken advantage of and not being appreciated. Being a doormat is not what compassion is all about. A compassionate person responds to what you need, not by providing what they think you need, but helping you to provide for yourself. They do not take power away from you by doing things for you; they help you to find your own power. Being compassionate means being able to nurture and comfort and assist in healing without becoming sick yourself.
How compassionate are you? Do you take care of yourself? Are you true to yourself by listening to what you know inside to be true for you? Are you gentle with yourself or do you demand unrealistic expectations from yourself and others? Do you place harsh judgments on yourself and others? Do you treat yourself and others with respect? In these troubled times for our country, it is even more imperative we take a closer look at how we treat ourselves and how we treat others. It always has been and always will be essential we live with compassion!
http://feeds.gawker.com/~r/lifehacker/full/~3/gN1KyAwcyec/are-social-savings-techniques-ethical
Sent from Lifehacker® on the iPhone
http://radeeccles.com/Lifehacker.html
Sent from Lifehacker® on the iPhone
http://radeeccles.com/Lifehacker.html
Sent from Lifehacker® on the iPhone
http://radeeccles.com/Lifehacker.html
Sent from Lifehacker® on the iPhone
http://radeeccles.com/Lifehacker.html
Sent from Lifehacker® on the iPhone
http://radeeccles.com/Lifehacker.html
I thought you might be interested in reading this:
In the name of making all of us appreciate what we have in life, we have in the past looked at some of the most terrifying commutes in the world, proving that none of nature's obstacles can keep man f...
Sent from The Cracked Reader
I thought you might be interested in reading this:
Nobody thinks that all of the world's ancient treasures are discovered by whip-toting adventurers swinging around caves. But we do assume that they're at least found by some kind of trained profession...
Sent from The Cracked Reader
Sent from Lifehacker® on the iPhone
http://radeeccles.com/Lifehacker.html
Sent from Lifehacker® on the iPhone
http://radeeccles.com/Lifehacker.html
I thought you might be interested in reading this:
A few years ago, the news came out that computers have ruined the game of checkers forever by coming up with a perfect strategy that can't be beaten. This made us wonder if there were other ways to us...
Sent from The Cracked Reader
I thought you might be interested in reading this:
If you'd like to continue receiving police beatdowns, then don't read this article....
Sent from The Cracked Reader
I thought you might be interested in reading this:
Unless you're talking about diamonds, Twinkies or vampires, lasting forever usually isn't in the cards. Yet all over the world -- and universe -- there are machines, engineering feats and pieces of me...
Sent from The Cracked Reader
I thought you might be interested in reading this:
Entire genres of film exist purely to give us wacky pairings of characters, like a straight cop and a wacky cop, or a white cop and a black cop, or a black cop and a Chinese cop (apparently cops are p...
Sent from The Cracked Reader
http://m.lifehacker.com/5346069/lock-a-deadbolt-from-outside-the-door-without-a-key
Sent from Lifehacker® on the iPhone
http://radeeccles.com/Lifehacker.html
http://m.lifehacker.com/5342899/top-10-tricks-macgyver-would-be-proud-of
Sent from Lifehacker® on the iPhone
http://radeeccles.com/Lifehacker.html
Sent from Lifehacker® on the iPhone
http://radeeccles.com/Lifehacker.html
http://feeds.gawker.com/~r/lifehacker/full/~3/NqpKRghg-Kc/train-your-brain-for-monk+like-focus
Sent from Lifehacker® on the iPhone
http://radeeccles.com/Lifehacker.html
Sent from Lifehacker® on the iPhone
http://radeeccles.com/Lifehacker.html
Sent from Lifehacker® on the iPhone
http://radeeccles.com/Lifehacker.html
I thought you might be interested in reading this:
In a world where you just watch two dudes beat on each other, it's hard to believe there's a worst anything. Seanbaby proves us wrong. Again....
Sent from The Cracked Reader
I thought you might be interested in reading this:
Whenever you hear about counterfeit merchandise, you almost always think about China. It's not completely undeserved -- the country does have a history of churning out tons of fake DVDs, electronics, ...
Sent from The Cracked Reader
I thought you might be interested in reading this:
In an age when getting famous for the sake of being famous is the name of the game, and where it's hard to tell genuine news from fake "viral" publicity stunts, it's easy to long for the old days. You...
Sent from The Cracked Reader
Sent from Lifehacker® on the iPhone
http://radeeccles.com/Lifehacker.html
Sent from Lifehacker® on the iPhone
http://radeeccles.com/Lifehacker.html
http://feeds.gawker.com/~r/lifehacker/full/~3/CLyoj-5LoKk/be-nice-the-world-is-a-small-town
Sent from Lifehacker® on the iPhone
http://radeeccles.com/Lifehacker.html
Microsoft Patent Charges for Skipping Ads |
Christina Ortiz)
DVRs have freed us from the constraints of time when it comes to watching our favorite shows. The device has also freed us from watching incessant commercials that we've already seen about a thousand times -- for now anyway. Microsoft filed a patent application in November that would make skipping commercials a feature you'd have to pay for. Dubbed "Control-based Contest Pricing," it would set a price for different TV remote control functions.
BLOG: Apple Invented the Smart Phone, and Other Patent Myths
For example, if you wanted to skip past an advertisement when watching an on-demand program, or if you wanted replay a sporting event, you would be charged a fee. This would also open the doors to targeted advertising and content delivery preferences.
The patent is an extension of one Microsoft applied for last year. Thankfully, a patent application doesn't mean it will actually be implemented. A Microsoft spokes person told GeekWire "Microsoft regularly applies for and receives patents as part of its business practice. Not all patents applied for or received will be incorporated into a Microsoft product."
via: GeekWire
Credits: Marianna Day Massey / ZUMA / Corbis (top); Microsoft (bottom)
No Sex Required: Women Have Orgasms at the Gym |
Women may not need a guy, a vibrator, or any other direct sexual stimulation to have an orgasm, finds a new study on exercise-induced orgasms and sexual pleasure.
The findings add qualitative and quantitative data to a field that has been largely unstudied, according to researcher Debby Herbenick, co-director of the Center for Sexual Health Promotion at Indiana University. For instance, Alfred Kinsey and his colleagues first reported the phenomenon in 1953, saying that about 5 percent of women they had interviewed mentioned orgasm linked to physical exercise. However, they couldn't know the actual prevalence because most of these women volunteered the information without being directly asked.
NEWS: Can't Get No Satisfaction? Check Your Motivation
Since then, reports of so-called "coregasms," named because of their seeming link to exercises for core abdominal muscles, have circulated in the media for years, according to the researchers.
"Despite attention in the popular media, little is known scientifically about exercise-induced orgasms," the researchers write in a special issue of the journal Sexual and Relationship Therapy released in print this month. [5 Myths About Women's Bodies]
Pleasure at the gym
Herbenick and her colleagues used online surveys to gather their data, which included answers from 124 women who had experienced exercise-induced orgasms and 246 women who reported exercise-induced sexual pleasure. Most of the women, ages 18 to 63 and an average age of 30, were in a relationship or married and 69 percent said they were heterosexual.
The researchers found that about 40 percent of both groups of women had experienced exercise-induced pleasure or orgasm on more than 11 occasions in their lives. Most of the women in the "orgasm" group said they felt some level of embarrassment when exercising in public places.
The "orgasm" group mostly said during the experiences they weren't having a sexual fantasy or thinking about someone they were attracted to.
Of the women who had orgasms during exercise, about 45 percent said their first experience was linked to abdominal exercises; 19 percent linked to biking/spinning; 9.3 percent linked to climbing poles or ropes; 7 percent reported a connection with weight lifting; 7 percent running; the rest of the experiences included various exercises, such as yoga, swimming, elliptical machines, aerobics and others. Exercise-induced sexual pleasure was linked with more types of exercises than the orgasm phenomenon.
Abdominal exercises may be best
Answers to open-ended questions in the survey revealed some interesting details, the researchers found. For instance, the abdominal exercises tied to orgasms seemed to be particularly associated with the exercise in which a person supports their weight on their forearms on a so-called captain's chair with padded arm rests and then lifts their knees toward their chest.
The open-ended questions also revealed the orgasms tended to occur after multiple sets of crunches or some other abdominal exercise rather than after just a couple repetitions; they also seemed to happen after the woman had really exerted herself.
"Many of these women talked about it happening even as children," Herbenick said during a telephone interview, adding that some indicated an experience at age 7 or 8.
"We had at least one woman in the study who was a virgin, and she really loved that she could have these experiences at the gym," Herbenick said. [10 Surprising Sex Statistics]
The researchers aren't sure why certain exercises lead to orgasm or sexual pleasure, though Herbenick hopes to tease out the trigger in ongoing research.
"It may be that exercise, which is already known to have significant benefits to health and well-being, has the potential to enhance women's sexual lives as well," Herbenick said, adding that it isn't clear whether these exercises could actually enhance women's sexual experiences.
Learning about the 'Big O'
The research has various implications regarding women's sexuality. For one, orgasm and sexual desire have topped women's list of sex concerns, with around one out of four women not reaching orgasm during sex. The researchers suggest "it may be that physical exercise has been overlooked in clinical approaches to women's orgasm."
Second, scientists have long debated the evolutionary context of the female orgasm and its link to sexuality and reproduction. However, if many women are experiencing orgasm during exercises not related to sex, then exercise-induced orgasm may reveal what orgasm does and does not have to do with sex or reproduction, the researchers note. [G-Spot: Science Can't Find It]
In addition, exercise-induced orgasms may be one way for scientists, and women themselves, to learn about the process of orgasm. "It may be one way for women to learn more about how their bodies work in that regard," Herbenick said.
As for how other scientists may react to the finding: "I think from having talked with colleagues, while some people have heard of these [exercise-induced orgasms], many of our colleagues haven't either," Herbenick told LiveScience. "So I think that's going to be interesting," seeing the reaction. She added that some might question, "'Is this a tooth fairy type of thing or does it really happen?' I have no doubt that it happens."
More From LiveScience
6 (Other) Great Things Sex Can Do For You
The Sex Quiz: Myths, Taboos and Bizarre Facts
5 Reasons Being a Woman Is Good For Your Health
Copyright 2012 LiveScience, a TechMediaNetwork company. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed. Satellite Views Reveal Early Human Settlements |
Irene Klotz)
Scientists have unveiled a new technique for mapping early human settlements in Mesopotamia, the so-called "cradle of civilization" comprised of modern-day Iraq, northeast Syria, southeast Turkey and southwest Iran.
A pair of Harvard University anthropologists developed a way to measure mounds of athrosol, a type of soil formed by long-term human activity, in multi-wavelength satellite images.
Anthrosols are finer, lighter-colored, and richer in organic material than surrounding soil.
NEWS: Egyptian Pyramids Found With NASA Satellite
"Soil discoloration is one of the characteristics of archaeological sites in this part of the world (alongside surface artifact density and mounding)," Harvard University anthropologist Jason Ur wrote in an email to Discovery News.
Scientists have been using anthrosols to locate settlement sites for 10 years, but were limited to ground observations and declassified black-and-white spy satellite imagery.
"Multi-spectral imagery opens up new possibilities for identifying ancient places because now we can look for these distinctive soil discolorations not only in the visible part of the spectrum (what the human eye seems as red, green, and blue) but also beyond the abilities of our eyes (the near-infrared and even larger wavelengths)," Ur said.
"The mounds that we find are entirely artificial creations on an otherwise relatively flat plain," he added.
ANALYSIS: NASA Spots Signs of Life... On Earth
Until the development of cement, building material was limited to mud bricks, which don't last forever.
Eventually, the structures become unstable and must be leveled and rebuilt.
"If this process continues for centuries or millennia, settlements grow vertically," Ur said, leading to massive buildups of decayed mud brick.
For example, the largest site, Tell Brak in northern Syria, contains about 8 million cubic meters of decayed mud brick and rises about 40 meters (131 feet) above ground.
"The sites are essentially large piles of anthrosols," Ur said.
He and colleague Bjoern Menze, a computer scientist by training, used imagery from a sensor on NASA's Terra satellite to detect the telltale sediments and a global digital terrain map made from radar imagery taken during a 2000 space shuttle mission to model the height and volume of mounded sites.
In all, the scientists mapped more than 14,000 sites, spanning 8,000 years of human settlement in northeast Syria. Some 9,500 of those sites showed significant elevations, a mass accumulation of 700 million cubic meters of collapsed architecture and settlement debris.
"We've documented small areas of northern Mesopotamia at great cost in time and effort in the past," Ur said. "This method finds a similar density of archaeological sites, just at a much faster rate and over the entire region."
Ur and Menze say the technique can be used to build a comprehensive map of human settlements in northern Mesopotamia and beyond.
The research appears in this week's Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Image (top): Comparison of multi-spectral satellite imagery and the distribution of surface artifacts at Tell Brak. The two analyses show are remarkably close correspondence. Credit: Menze and Ur/PNAS
Image (middle): Tell Brak, a mound in northeastern Syria, is an 8-million cubic meter accumulation encompassing six millennia of human occupation. Credit: Menze and Ur/PNAS
Search for Amelia Earhart Starts Again |
Rossella Lorenzi)
The search for Amelia Earhart will resume this summer in the waters off Nikumaroro, an uninhabited island in the southwestern Pacific republic of Kiribati where the legendary pilot might have died as a castaway.
With support from the Discovery Channel, the expedition will be carried out by the The International Group for Historic Aircraft Recovery (TIGHAR), which has long been investigating the last, fateful flight taken by Earhart 75 years ago.
The new expedition will use high tech underwater equipment to search for pieces of Earhart's plane.
The tall, slender, blond pilot mysteriously vanished while flying over the Pacific Ocean on July 2, 1937 during a record attempt to fly around the world at the equator.
The general consensus has been that her twin-engined Lockheed "Electra" had run out of fuel and crashed in the Pacific Ocean, somewhere near Howland Island.
But according to Ric Gillespie, TIGHAR's executive director, there is an alternative scenario.
"The navigation line Amelia described in her final in-flight radio transmission passed through not only Howland Island, her intended destination, but also Gardner Island, now called Nikumaroro," Gillespie said.
The possibility that Earhart and navigator Fred Noonan might have made an emergency landing on Nikumaroro's flat coral reef, some 300 miles southeast of their target destination, is not a new theory.
"This was the oldest Earhart theory," Gillespie said. "This was the theory the Navy came up with in the first days following the flight's disappearance. And they did search the atoll, but only from the air," Gillespie said.
In nine archaeological expeditions to Nikumaroro, Gillespie and his team uncovered a number of artifacts which, combined with archival research, provide strong circumstantial evidence for a castaway presence.
PHOTOS: Clues Point to Amelia Earhart as Castaway
"We found archival records describing the discovering in Nikumaroro in 1940 of the partial skeleton and campsite of what appears to have been a female castaway," he said.
"We identified the place on a remote corner of the atoll that fits the description of where the bones and campsite were found. Archaeological digs there have produced artifacts that speak of an American woman of the 1930s," Gillespie said.
He added that evidence on the island would also suggest that Earhart survived as a castaway "for a matter of weeks, possibly more."
In the forthcoming expedition, Gillespie and his team will be concentrating on Earhart's plane. The underwater search will be carried by Phoenix International, the U.S. Navy's primary deep ocean search and recovery contractor.
On July 2, the 75th anniversary of Earhart's disappearance, the TIGHAR team will sail from Honolulu aboard the University of Hawaii oceanographic research ship R/V Ka Imikai-O-Kanaloa.
"When we get there, in about eight days, we'll survey the general area with multi-beam sonar to create an accurate map of the undersea topography and prioritize the search area," Gillespie told Discovery News.
"Targets will be identified using high resolution, side scan sonar mounted on an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV). Finally, we will investigate suspicious looking targets using a Remote Operated Vehicle (ROV) with dual manipulators and color video camera system and lights," Gillespie said.
NEWS: Signs of Amelia Earhart's Final Days?
The search relies on what Gillespie called "the most exciting breakthrough" -- a photograph of the island's western shoreline taken three months after Amelia's disappearance.
"It shows an unexplained object protruding from the water on the fringing reef," Gillespie said.
Forensic imaging analyses of the photo suggest that the shape and dimension of the object are consistent with the landing gear of a Lockheed Electra.
"We have reason to believe that the airplane went over the reef edge near the spot where the object appears in the photo," Gillespie said.
"We'll do our best to find Amelia. During the painful recovery from the Great Depression, Amelia Earhart inspired America with her courage and determination. America needs Amelia again," Gillespie said.
I thought you might be interested in reading this:
Mother Nature is an evil bitch that wants us dead. We know this, we accept it, we try to burn one plant a day as petty revenge against her for it and we move on with our lives. But sometimes her traps...
Sent from The Cracked Reader
I think this will be of interest to you:
How to Be Healthy and Lose Fat: The 3 Minute HIT Health Hack That Helps Burn Fat
I think this will be of interest to you:
The Power of Execution: Why Intention is Never Enough
I thought you might be interested in reading this:
As Cracked has pointed out before, mankind is just now coming around to the idea that video games might actually be good for something after all. We need these stories to counterbalance two decades of...
Sent from The Cracked Reader
Sent from Lifehacker® on the iPhone
http://radeeccles.com/Lifehacker.html
Sent from Lifehacker® on the iPhone
http://radeeccles.com/Lifehacker.html
I thought you might be interested in reading this:
With the current box office landscape dominated almost exclusively by sequels, arguing for even more sequels is bound to be a fairly unpopular opinion. Moviegoers have had enough superhero trilogies, ...
Sent from The Cracked Reader
I thought you might be interested in reading this:
One of our running themes here at Cracked is "Man, space is just weird as hell." It's easy to forget that, after mankind went to the moon and found out it was just a boring, dusty ghost town. Space is...
Sent from The Cracked Reader
Sent from Lifehacker® on the iPhone
http://radeeccles.com/Lifehacker.html
Sent from Lifehacker® on the iPhone
http://radeeccles.com/Lifehacker.html
I thought you might be interested in reading this:
I'm not one of those guys who's going to tell you that high school is the best years of your life, because quite frankly, I don't believe that they are. I don't look back on the experience with glassy...
Sent from The Cracked Reader
Sent from Lifehacker® on the iPhone
http://radeeccles.com/Lifehacker.html
Encyclopaedia Britannica turns a page
I thought you might be interested in reading this:
If reading weren't already nerdy, these would definitely push them far beyond that point....
Sent from The Cracked Reader
I thought you might be interested in reading this:
Old people are cranky, slow and boring. Kids are noisy, restless and irritating. For most of us, life is about making sure we stay as awesome as we are right now -- we'll always love our video games, ...
Sent from The Cracked Reader
Titanic Wreck Site Mapped |
Rossella Lorenzi)
The first comprehensive map of the Titanic wreck site has been created as researchers pieced together some 130,000 photos taken by underwater robots in the depths of the North Atlantic Ocean.
Resembling the moon's surface, the map shows debris and parts of the ship scattered across a 15 square-mile patch of ocean floor.
The detailed images might provide new clues about what happened after the "unsinkable" luxury liner hit an iceberg and sank on April 15, 1912, killing more than 1,500 of the 2,200 passengers and crew on board.
ANALYSIS: Did the Moon Conspire To Bring Down Titanic?
"If we are going to do our best to manage the Titanic wreck site as a testament to those that sailed on her, we need to understand the disposition and physical state of what's there," Titanic expedition co-leader David Gallo, director of special projects at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Falmouth, Mass., told Discovery News.
"In addition, we need to put Titanic in context of it is natural setting on the deep Atlantic seafloor," Gallo said.
It's not the first time that the Titanic wreck site has been mapped. The first attempts began soon after the doomed liner was discovered in 1985. Explorers used photos taken with cameras aboard remotely controlled vehicles, which did not hazard too far from the bow and stern.
Therefore, all the maps are incomplete, covering only fragmented portions of the wreck area.
"As much as 40 percent of the wreck site has not been fully studied and documented, including multiple hull sections," RSM Titanic Inc, the legal custodian of the wreck, said on its website.
ANALYSIS: Steering Error Sank The Titanic, Says Author
The comprehensive survey map of the wreck site took place in the summer of 2010 as part of a project aimed at "virtually raising Titanic and preserving her legacy for all time."
The expedition to the wreck was led by RMS Titanic Inc., the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and the Waitt Institute of La Jolla, California. They were joined by other groups, such as the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and cable TV's History channel.
During the expedition, torpedo-shaped AUVs (autonomous underwater vehicles) surveyed the entire search area with high-resolution side-scan sonar. Pinpointed by the AUVs, the debris-rich sites were then explored by a ROV (remote operated vehicle) fitted with cameras.
The resulting 130,000 high resolution photos were pieced together on a computer to provide a detailed photomosaic map of Titanic and the surrounding sea floor.
"We are still processing some of the data but the elements of a 3D map are there," Gallo said.
"The images are staggering. There you are on the bottom of the ocean, transported to the sea floor. It's mindboggling; even veterans who have been to Titanic numerous times are slack-jawed," he added.
NEWS: Titanic Being Eaten by Destructive Bacteria
The wreck of the Titanic was found on Sept. 1, 1985 about 13 miles from the last position recorded before the ship sank on her maiden voyage from Southampton, England, to New York City and became a legend.
A deep canyon carved out of the ocean floor lies some 3.5 nautical miles west of the wreck site -- had the ship landed there, she might never have been found.
Because of the way the ship broke apart -- the stern and bow face opposite directions and are 1,970 feet apart from each other -- some areas in the 3-by-5-mile wreck field have a larger debris concentration.
Debris abound in the so-called "hell's kitchen," an area of the seabed scattered with broken china, pots, pans other cooking tools. Another debris rich area is the "coal fields," which features a large quantity of the black combustible. Indeed, the Titanic left England carrying 6,000 tons of coal .
According to RSM Titanic Inc, the "coal concentration in one area is believed to be due to both the coal's weight and how the ship broke apart."
ANALYSIS: Titanic's 'Unknown Child' Identified
Other features on the mapped wreck site include a pile of rubble identified as "deckhouse debris," a 60-foott long chunk of the side of the ship, five of the ship's huge boilers, and pieces of the ship's bottom.
"You really begin to understand how violently the ship tore itself apart when it went down and landed all over this enormous footprint on the bottom of the ocean," said David Alberg, Sanctuary superintendent for NOAA's Monitor National Marine Sanctuary.
The layout of the wreck site, where the pieces ended and how they are arranged and oriented on the ground, might help solve some of the remaining mysteries on how the Titanic broke apart and sank.
For example, marks on the ocean floor to the west of the stern, with debris concentrated to the east, indicated that the stern rotated.
The new findings will be detailed during a two-hour History channel documentary on April 15, exactly 100 years after the Titanic settled at the bottom of the North Atlantic.
During the show, computer simulations will re-enact the sinking in reverse, bringing pieces of Titanic's wreckage back to the surface and reassembling the ship in a virtual hangar.
Image: Detail of the bow of the Titanic taken from a comprehensive map of the 3-by-5 mile debris field. Credit:RMS Titanic Inc.